Page 4 - Bayaz Noor-ud-Din in English: The First English Translation of This Classical Unani/Hikmat (Greco-Arab) Medical Work
Page 4
By Hazrat Hakeem Noor-ud-Deen, Khalifatul Masih I (ra) (1841–1914)
English Translation:
Nabila Amatul Naseer, M.Phil (Human Nutrition and Dietetics)
Syeda Munazza Ahmad, M.Phil (Sociology)
Medical Editor & Project Lead:
Qaisar J. Qayyum, MD
CAUTIONBayaz Noor-ud-Din is a historical medical work based on material dictated more than a century ago. Over the years, the text has passed through handwritten manuscripts, copies, transcription, typesetting, and subsequent publication. During this process, scribal, spelling, grammatical, punctuation, transcription, or printing errors may have entered the available text. In some places, missing or misplaced punctuation, variations in the spelling of medicines and herbs, or difficult Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and Unani/Hikmat terminology may significantly affect interpretation. Although considerable effort is being made to identify and correct such issues during translation and editorial review, complete accuracy of the historical source text, its interpretation, or the identification of every medicine, herb, preparation, dosage, and medical term cannot be guaranteed. This translation is published primarily for historical, educational, and scholarly purposes. It should not be used independently as a guide for diagnosis, treatment, preparation of medicines, or self-medication. Anyone considering the practical use of any remedy or treatment described in this work should first verify the original text, ingredients, identity, dosage, preparation, and suitability with an appropriately qualified Hakeem/Unani practitioner, Ayurvedic practitioner where applicable, physician, pharmacist, or other relevant healthcare professional. Readers are responsible for obtaining appropriate professional verification before acting upon any medical information contained in this historical work. The translators, editors, contributors, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for harm, loss, or adverse consequences resulting from the interpretation or practical use of the historical remedies or medical information presented in this publication. |
Note to the Reader
This page is presented as a working translation of the original Byaz Noor-ud-Din. The aim is to preserve the original wording, terminology, remedies, doses, and arrangement as faithfully as possible while making the text understandable in modern English. Historical Unani/Hikmat terms are retained in parentheses, and verified English and botanical names are added where appropriate.
Text shown in red indicates a word, reading, translation, botanical identification, dosage, or historical medical term that remains uncertain and requires further research or verification. In such cases, the original wording has intentionally been preserved rather than replaced by an unsupported assumption. Red text therefore does not necessarily indicate an error; it identifies an item still under editorial review.
The medical concepts and treatments on this page reflect the historical text and medical understanding of its time and should not be interpreted as contemporary medical advice.
Index of Diseases, (Fihrist-e-Amraz), Bayaz-e-Nuruddin, Part One, Page 4
Format: modern correspondence, where one exists | English rendering | Roman Urdu | original Urdu. "In part" means the modern term corresponds to only some of what the historical term describes. "No direct modern equivalent" means the Bayaz describes the condition on its own Unani terms and no modern label has been imposed. Square brackets mark a heading supplied by the editors where the Bayaz has an untitled numbered section.
107. Poliosis of the eyelashes | Whitening of the Eyelashes | Bayaz-e-Ahdab | بیاضِ اہداب
108. Ankyloblepharon | Adhesion of the Lid Margins | Iltisaq-e-Ashfar | التصاقِ اشفار
109. Madarosis (WHO Unani: ptylosis) | Falling of the Eyelashes | Intishar-e-Ahdab | انتشارِ اہداب
110. Eyelid oedema | Swelling of the Eyelids | Tahabbuj-e-Ajfan | تہبجِ اجفان
111. Ptosis, in part | Heaviness of the Eyelids | Thiql-e-Ajfan | ثقلِ اجفان
112. Eyelid myokymia | Twitching of the Eye | Ikhtilaj-e-Chashm | اختلاجِ چشم
113. Excessive blinking; blepharospasm, in part | Excessive Blinking | Kasrat-e-Tarf | کثرۃ طرف
114. Strabismus | Squint | Hawal | حول
115. Exophthalmos | Protrusion of the Eyeball | Juhuz | جحوظ
116. Mydriasis | Dilation of the Pupil | Ittisa' wa Intishar | اتساع و انتشار
117. Miosis | Constriction of the Pupil | Ziq-e-Thuqba | ضیقِ ثقبہ
118. Floaters (muscae volitantes); early cataract, in part | Seeing Things Before the Eyes | Khayalat | خیالات
119. Cataract | Descent of Water (Cataract) | Nuzul al-Ma' | نزول الماء
120. Corneal opacity (leucoma); pterygium | Corneal Opacity and Pterygium | Phula aur Nakhuna | پھولا اور ناخنہ
121. Trichiasis | Inverted Eyelashes | Sha'r-e-Munqalib | شعرِ منقلب
122. Warts (verrucae) of the eyelid | Warts | Thu'lul | ثؤلول
123. Glandular swelling of the eyelid, in part | Glandular Swelling | Ghudda | غدہ
124. Urticaria of the eyelid, in part | Shara (apparently a repeat of Shari, urticaria) | Shara | شرا
125. Formication of the eyelids | Sensation of Ants Crawling in the Eyelashes | Namla | نملہ
126. Corneal opacity (leucoma) | Whiteness of the Eye | Bayaz-e-Chashm | بیاضِ چشم
127. Ocular pain | Eye Pain | Waja' al-'Ain | وجع العین
128. Severe chemosis (the eye cannot close) | Wardinaj: Severe Ophthalmia in which the Eye Stays Open | Wardinaj | وردینج
129. Dry eye with foreign-body sensation, in part | False or Unusual Ophthalmia | Ramad-e-Ghair Haqiqi ya Gharib | رمدِ غیر حقیقی یا غریب
130. No direct modern equivalent | Ophthalmia Arising from the Stomach and the Uterus | Ramad-e-Me'di wa Rahmi | رمدِ معدی و رحمی
131. Chemosis | Swelling of the Conjunctiva | Intifakh-e-Multahima | انتفاخِ ملتحمہ
132. Ocular pruritus | Itching of the Eye | Hikka | حکہ
133. Phlyctenules; conjunctival pustules, in part | Red Pimples on the Conjunctiva | Wadqa | ودقہ
134. Caruncular papilloma or granuloma, in part | Tutha: Mulberry-like Growth at the Inner Canthus | Tutha | توثہ
135. Corneal roughness; trachoma, in part | Roughness of the Cornea | Khushunat-e-Qarniya | خشونتِ قرنیہ
136. Corneal blisters; bullous keratopathy, in part | Blisters on the Cornea | Nuffakhat-e-Qarniya | نفاخاتِ قرنیہ
137. Corneal ectasia (staphyloma), in part | Protrusion (Bulging) of the Cornea | Nutu' al-Qarniya | نتوء القرنیہ
138. Pustular (phlyctenular) keratoconjunctivitis, in part | Pustules of the Eye | Thubur-e-'Ain | ثبورِ عین
139. Hypopyon | Pus Hidden Behind the Cornea | Kumun al-Midda | کمون المدہ
140. Corneal ulcers | Ulcers of the Eye | Qurooh al-'Ain | قروح العین
141. Iris prolapse (myiocephalon), in part | Ant-Head Bulge of the Cornea | Mursarj | مورسرج
142. Corneal melt (necrotising ulcer), in part | Decay of Part of the Cornea | Hafr | حفر
143. Corneal abrasion; epithelial sloughing | Sloughing of One Layer of the Cornea | Salakh | سلخ
144. Epiphora | Excessive Watering of the Eye | Dam'a | دمعہ
145. No direct modern equivalent | Tension (Stretching) of the Eye | Tamaddud | تمدد
146. Blue iris (hereditary eye colour) | Blueness of the Eyes | Zurqa | زرقہ
147. Pannus; vascular keratitis | Pannus of the Eye | Sabal-e-Chashm | سبلِ چشم
148. Chapter Three: Diseases of the Ear | Bab-e-Sowum dar Amraz-e-Gosh | باب سوم در امراضِ گوش
149. Otalgia | Earache | Dard-e-Gosh | دردِ گوش
150. Impaired hearing; deafness | Deafness, i.e. Loss of Hearing | Tarash | طرش یعنی نقصانِ سمع یا بہرہ پن
151. Tinnitus | Ringing in the Ear | Tanin-e-Gosh | طنینِ گوش
152. Hyperacusis; phonophobia | Aversion of the Ear to Sound | Harab al-Udhun min al-Saut | ہرب الاذن من الصوت
153. Ear ulcer | Ulcer of the Ear | Qarha-e-Gosh | قرحۂ گوش
154. Otorrhoea (watery discharge) | Water in the Ear | Aab-e-Gosh | آبِ گوش
155. Foreign body in the ear | Entry of Foreign Bodies into the Ear | Dukhul-e-Ashya-e-Ghair dar Gosh | دخولِ اشیاءِ غیر در گوش
156. Otorrhoea | Discharge of Fluid from the Ear | Sailan-e-Rutubat-e-Gosh | سیلانِ رطوبتِ گوش
157. Aural pruritus; otitis externa, in part | Itching of the Ear | Hikka-e-Gosh | حکۂ گوش
158. Periauricular swelling; lymphadenitis, in part | Swellings Anywhere Around the Ear | Auram-e-Qaf | اورامِ قف
159. Traction injury of the auricle | Pulling Injury of the Ear | Qila'-e-Udhun | قلاعِ اذن
160. Contusion of the ear; auricular haematoma, in part | Bruising of the Ear | Radd | رض
161. Chapter Four: Diseases of the Nose | Bab-e-Chaharum dar Amraz-e-Bini | باب چہارم در امراضِ بینی
162. Anosmia; parosmia | Loss of Smell, or Smelling Only One Kind of Odour | Khushbu na Aana ya Ek hi Qism ki Bu Aana | خوشبو نہ آنا یا ایک ہی قسم کی بو آتی ہو
163. Rhinitis sicca | Dryness of the Nose | Yubusat-e-Bini | یبوستِ بینی
164. Nasal vestibulitis; nasal ulcers | Sores Inside the Nose | Qurooh al-Anf | قروح الانف
165. Nasal polyps | Polyps of the Nose | Bawasir al-Anf | بواسیر الانف
166. Epistaxis | Nosebleed | Ru'af, i.e. Nakseer | رعاف یعنی نکسیر
167. Nasal myiasis | Worms in the Nose (listed in the index; no heading in the chapter) | Kirm-e-Bini | کرمِ بینی
168. Excessive sneezing; allergic rhinitis, in part | Excessive Sneezing | Kasrat-e-'Uts | کثرتِ عطس
169. Coryza | Common Cold | Zukam | زکام
170. Chapter Five: Diseases of the Lips | Bab-e-Panjum dar Amraz-e-Lab | باب پنجم در امراضِ لب
171. Cheilitis (chapped, cracked lips) | [Common Ailments of the Lips: Burning, Coldness, Cracking] | Lab ki 'Aam Bimariyan | [لبوں کی عام بیماریاں]
172. Lip papilloma or mucocele, in part | Polyps of the Lip | Bawasir-e-Lab | بواسیرِ لب
173. Lip myokymia; facial spasm, in part | Contraction and Twitching of the Lips | Taqallus aur Ikhtilaj | تقلص اور اختلاج
174. Angular cheilitis | Sores at the Corners of the Mouth | Bachhen Pak Jana | باچھیں پک جانا
175. Facial swelling | Swelling of the Face, Jaw and Cheek | Waram-e-Wajh o Kalla o Rukhsar | ورمِ وجہ و کلہ و رخسار
176. Chapter Six: Diseases of the Mouth | Bab-e-Shashum dar Amraz-e-Dahan | باب ششم در امراضِ دہن
177. Stomatitis; aphthous ulcers, in part | Pimples of the Mouth and Tongue | Munh aur Zaban par Phunsiyan | منہ اور زبان پر پھنسیاں
178. Sialorrhoea | Excessive Flow of Saliva | Sailan-e-Lu'ab-e-Dahan | سیلانِ لعابِ دہن
179. Halitosis | Bad Breath | Bakhar ya Bu-e-Dahan | بخر یا بوئے دہن
180. Oral swellings | Swellings of the Mouth | Auram-e-Dahan | اورامِ دہن
181. Dysarthria; tongue-tie, in part | Heaviness of Speech | Thiql al-Kalam | ثقل الکلام
182. Hypogeusia; ageusia | Impairment or Loss of Taste | Nuqsan ya Butlan-e-Dhawq | نقصان یا بطلانِ ذوق
183. Macroglossia; ranula | Enlargement of the Tongue (with Dafda', ranula) | 'Izam al-Lisan | عظم اللسان
184. Glossodynia (burning mouth), in part | Burning of the Tongue | Harqa | حرقہ
185. Palatal perforation | Perforation of the Palate | Talu ka Surakh | تالو کا سوراخ
186. Fissured tongue | Cracking of the Tongue | Shiqaq al-Lisan | شقاق اللسان
187. Xerostomia | Dryness of the Mouth | Munh Khushk Hona | منہ خشک ہونا
188. Lingual paresis, in part | Flaccidity of the Tongue | Istirkha' al-Lisan | استرخاء اللسان
189. Slurred speech; tongue-tie, in part | Dullness (Heaviness) of the Tongue | Zaban Kund ho Jana | زبان کند ہو جانا
190. Dry tongue | Dryness of the Tongue | Jafaf al-Lisan | جفاف اللسان
REFERENCE SOURCES FOR TERMINOLOGY Disease nomenclature WHO International Standard Terminologies on Unani Medicine. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2023. ISBN 9789240064959. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240064959 Standard Unani Medical Terminology. Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM), Ministry of Ayush, Government of India. Prepared under a collaborative programme of CCRUM and WHO for Traditional Medicine. https://ccrum.res.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Standard%20Unani%20Medical%20Terminology_1430.pdf National Ayush Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic (NAMASTE) Portal, Ministry of Ayush, Government of India. Standardized terminologies and national morbidity codes for Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani, dual-coded with WHO ICD-10 and ICD-11. https://namaste.ayush.gov.in/about-namaste-portal International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision, Chapter 26 Module 2 (TM2). World Health Organization. https://icd.who.int/browse11 Unani Medicine World, Unani Terminology. An online index presenting the WHO standard Unani terms individually, with their WHO term codes (UMA numbers), definitions and English equivalents. https://www.unanimedworld.com/unani-terminology Language Rekhta Dictionary (Urdu, Hindi and English). Used for Urdu readings and for the everyday Urdu sense of terms. https://www.rekhtadictionary.com Materia medica and pharmacopoeia Unani Pharmacopoeia of India. Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy (PCIM&H), Ministry of Ayush, Government of India. https://www.portal.pcimh.gov.in Medicinal plants database. CCRUM, Ministry of Ayush, Government of India. https://ccrum.res.in/ViewData/Multiple?mid=1640 NOTE ON THE USE OF THESE SOURCES Each heading in the index has been checked against its definition in the chapter text of the Bayaz, and the author's own definition takes precedence. Terms were then compared with the WHO standard Unani terminology. Where the WHO definition differs from the Bayaz (for example ʿIṣāba, Kumna and Sakta), the Bayaz's meaning is given first and the WHO equivalent is noted alongside it. Where a modern equivalent covers only part of the historical term, it is marked "in part". Where no modern equivalent exists, this is stated, and no modern label has been imposed. Terms that could not be identified in any available source, such as Lūwī Fīdaj and Bādshanām, are shown in red and remain under editorial review. |
TRANSLATION AND EDITORIAL CREDITS
Original Work
Hazrat Hakeem Noor-ud-Deen, Khalifatul Masih I (ra) (1841–1914)Bayaz Noor-ud-Din. Eminent Unani physician and former Personal Physician to His Highness the Maharaja of Kashmir
English Translators
Nabila Amatul Naseer, M.Phil
Nutritionist and Dietitian
Syeda Munazza Ahmad, M.Phil
Sociologist, Researcher, and Academic Writer
Project Lead, Scholarly and Medical Editor
Qaisar J. Qayyum, MD
Chief Editor, Noor Journal of Complementary and Contemporary Medicine (NJCCM)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The English translation of Bayaz Noor-ud-Din is a collaborative project undertaken to preserve and make accessible to English-language readers the historical Unani/Hikmat (Greco-Arab) medical writings of Hazrat Hakeem Noor-ud-Deen, Khalifatul Masih I (ra).
The translated text undergoes scholarly and medical editorial review, including comparison with the original Urdu text; clarification of difficult or archaic Urdu, Persian, Arabic, and Unani/Hikmat terminology; review of historical medical concepts; research and verification of medicinal substances and botanical identities; and revision for accuracy, clarity, consistency, and readability while preserving the meaning and arrangement of the original work.
Particular care is taken not to impose modern interpretations where the historical text does not support them. Where the meaning, reading, or botanical identity of a historical term cannot be established with reasonable confidence, the original terminology is retained or identified for further review rather than replaced by an unsupported interpretation.
Bayaz Noor-ud-Din Project Team
The Bayaz Noor-ud-Din Project Team serves in an advisory and collaborative capacity. Team members contribute through discussion of difficult passages, consideration of alternative interpretations, and input on linguistic, historical, medical, Unani/Hikmat, botanical, and editorial questions.
Team members have contributed both through group discussions and by providing direct feedback, which, where appropriate, has been incorporated into the translation and editorial revisions.
The Project Team's role is distinct from that of the two English translators, who are separately identified and credited above.
USA
Dr Abid and Dr Ayesha Haq, Snohomish, WA
Dr Haroon Akhtar, Maryland
Dr Shazli Naseer
Dr Imtiaz Chaudary
Malik Abdullah
Munawar Ahmad Saqib, New Jersey, USA
Sharif Ahmad, Atlanta, GA
Dr Almas Nasar, Dallas, TX
Bilal Ahmed
Canada
Mazhar
Qasid Ahmad Bajwa
Harisah Mehmood
Pakistan
Faizan
Nabila Amatul Naseer, Chenab Nagar
Syeda Munazza Ahmad, Multan
United Kingdom
Dr Ismaeel Mohammad
Dr Qasid Ahmad Bajwa,
Scunthorpe
Australia
Dr Mohammad Younus
Dr Aamir Mahmood
Ireland
Dr Aida Nasar Khan — Dublin
United Arab Emirates
Dr Sulaiman Ahmad — Dubai
Nepal
Nasir Ahmad Bhatti
FINANCIAL SUPPORT ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This translation project has been made possible through the generous financial support of Ahmadi individuals from the NJCCM WhatsApp group who provided funding toward the cost of translating and preparing Bayaz Noor-ud-Din for English-language publication.
We gratefully acknowledge their financial support in helping preserve this important historical work and make it accessible to a wider readership.
Project Funding
Financial supporters are listed in the order in which their contributions were received.
Sharif Ahmad, USA
Munawar Ahmad Saqib, New Jersey, USA
Dr Qaisar J. Qayyum, Edmond, OK, USA
Dr Amatulah, USA
Dr Abid Haq & Ayesha Haq, Snohomish, WA, USA
Professor Aftab Ahmad & Mrs Neena Ahmad, USA
Dr Aamir Mahmood, Australia
Mubashir Ahmed, Huntley, IL, USA
Bushra Begum, RN, USA
Dr Munawar Malik, USA
Dr Amina Tariq, USA
Dr Nasira Malik, USA
Dr Aida Nasar Khan, Dublin
Dr Almas Nasar, Dallas, TX
Dr Ghafoor Manan, UK
Donors wishing to remain anonymous are gratefully acknowledged without being named.
Published by
Noor Journal of Complementary and Contemporary Medicine (NJCCM)
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